
When 61-year-old Johnny Cash walked into Rick Rubin’s Los Angeles home in May 1993, he brought a Martin acoustic guitar and serious doubts that any record label still knew what to do with him.
Only a few years earlier, the Nashville industry he helped build had quietly moved on. Columbia Records dropped Cash in 1986 after twenty-eight years on its roster, and a subsequent four-album deal with Mercury Records produced little radio play while country stations chased a younger generation of hat acts. By the early 1990s, a member of both the Country Music Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame was spending much of his calendar playing Branson theaters, state fairs, and half-full dinner clubs.
Rubin, the thirty-year-old co-founder of Def Jam Recordings who had built his name producing Run-D.M.C., the Beastie Boys, LL Cool J, and thrash metal band Slayer, saw something Nashville was ignoring. After catching Cash’s show at the Rhythm Cafe in Santa Ana, California, earlier in 1993, Rubin went backstage to propose an album on his American Recordings label. Cash was skeptical, having spent the 1980s watching producers bury his baritone under heavy drums and polished studio arrangements, until his wife, June Carter Cash, urged him to hear the younger man out.
Instead of booking a commercial studio with session players on the clock, Rubin invited Cash into the living room of his home on Loma Vista Drive in Beverly Hills. There were no backing tracks, no Nashville strings, and no strict schedules. Cash simply sat in a chair in front of a single microphone and started playing the songs he had carried around for decades.
Over weeks of informal sessions that moved between Rubin’s California living room and Cash’s log cabin in Hendersonville, Tennessee, the two men recorded more than a hundred songs. Cash pulled from every corner of his memory, running through nineteenth-century cowboy ballads, prison songs, gospel hymns his mother Carrie had sung in the cotton fields of Dyess, Arkansas, and new compositions he wrote on the spot. Rubin also began slipping him tapes of contemporary rock and alternative songwriters, putting tracks by Glenn Danzig, Leonard Cohen, Nick Lowe, and Soundgarden’s Chris Cornell directly alongside traditional folk numbers.
To test the stripped-down material in front of an audience, Rubin booked Cash at the Viper Room, the Sunset Strip nightclub co-owned by actor Johnny Depp, on December 2, 1993. Stepping onto a cramped stage normally reserved for Los Angeles punk and grunge bands, Cash stood alone in his black coat and held a room of twenty-something rock fans and Hollywood regulars completely still. By June 1994, he was playing the main stage at England’s Glastonbury Festival before tens of thousands of young festivalgoers.
Released on April 26, 1994, the eleven-track album American Recordings featured ten songs recorded solely with Cash’s voice and guitar, plus two live cuts taped that night at the Viper Room. The record won the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album and opened a ten-year partnership that stretched across six studio albums and the multi-disc Unearthed box set.
Two years later, Rubin surrounded Cash with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers for the 1996 follow-up, Unchained, which won the Grammy for Best Country Album. When Petty’s label objected to standard promotional ads, Rubin and Cash took out a full-page advertisement in Billboard showing a young Cash flipping his middle finger to the Nashville establishment and thanking country radio for its non-support.
By 1997, Cash’s health began to fail due to autonomic neuropathy associated with diabetes, alongside recurring bouts of pneumonia that repeatedly put him in the hospital. Even as his vision dimmed and his vocal cords weakened, Rubin kept sending guitars and demo tapes to Hendersonville, recording third and fourth installments built around songs by U2, Tom Waits, Depeche Mode, Nick Cave, and Nine Inch Nails.
When Cash hesitated to cover Trent Reznor’s “Hurt” for 2002’s American IV: The Man Comes Around, Rubin pressed him to listen again until the seventy-year-old singer turned the industrial rock track into a stark meditation on mortality.
After June Carter Cash died on May 15, 2003,following heart valve surgery, a grieving Cash told Rubin at her funeral that he needed to work every single day or he would not survive. Confined to a wheelchair in his final months, he recorded roughly sixty songs before his death on September 12, 2003, at age seventy-one, spending his last afternoon in the studio on August 21 cutting one final gospel hymn with the producer who had given him back his unadorned voice.